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Power Generation from Natural Gas and Waste Heat Recovery in the industrial units |
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Solar Power Generation projects
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Wind Power Generation projects
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Biomass based power Generation projects
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Biomass energy generation projects
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7) |
Methane recovery and Power Generation in Distilleries & Sugar Industries
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8) |
Hydro power plant projects.
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One of the most vigorously debated topics on Earth is the issue of climate change. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Current studies indicate that the relative forcing by green house gases is the primary cause of global warming. Greenhouse gases are also important in understanding Earth's climate history.
Over the last 600 million years, Carbon Dioxide concentrations have varied from perhaps >5000 ppm to less than 200 ppm, due to the effect of geological processes and biological innovations. During the modern era, the naturally rising carbon dioxide levels are implicated as the primary cause of global warming since 1950. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 in 2005 was 379 ppm compared to the pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
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UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
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The UNFCCC was opened for signature at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, and entered into force in March 1994. The convention sets an ultimate objective of stabilizing atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases at safe levels. Such levels, which the Convention does not quantify, should be achieved within a time frame to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. To achieve this objective, all countries have a general commitment to address climate change, adapt to its effects, and report their actions to implement the Convention. As of December 2001, the convention currently has received 186 instruments of ratification.
The Convention divides countries into two groups: Annex I parties, the industrialized countries who have historically contributed the most to climate change, and non-Annex I Parties, which includes primarily the developing countries.
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KYOTO PROTOCOL |
UNFCCC (United Nations framework convention on climate change) had come up with Kyoto protocol, which is a legal binding agreement for reduction of green house gas emission. Countries listed in annex-I (industrialized) are legally bound to reduce man made green house gas emission by approximately 5.2 %. Individual countries have their own reduction targets given in annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. The text of the protocol was adopted at the third conference of the parties in to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. The target covers the six main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbon, perflurocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. The protocol also allows these countries the option of deciding which of the six gases will form a part of their national emission reduction strategy. Some activities in the land use change and forestry sector, such as deforestation and reforestation that emit or absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are also covered.
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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) |
CDM allows Annex I (industrialized) countries to meet their emission reduction targets by paying for green house gas emission reduction in non-Annex I (developing) countries.
Clean Development Mechanism is project based mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with Green House Gas (GHG) reduction commitments to invest in GHG mitigation activities in developing countries and earn abatements credits, which can be applied against their own GHG emission targets or sold in open market. In addition to reducing GHG emissions, CDM projects have duel objective of contributing to the sustainable development of the host country.
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VERIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS :
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A Verified Emission Reduction is a reduction of one metric ton of greenhouse gas carbon equivalent below a defined baseline or regulatory requirement. Verified Emission Reductions are frequently used for voluntarily balancing greenhouse gas emissions, demonstrating in this manner a persons or companys responsibility and awareness on climate change issues and contributing to reasonable investments by offsetting carbon emissions. VERs allow GHG emitters to balance emissions of GHGs produced in one place by procuring GHG reductions from somewhere else (whether next door or around the world), thus meeting either voluntary or mandatory emissions reduction targets.
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